1.12. Comparison and logical operators

We have already seen how we can slice or extract items from data structures. Several data manipulation operations can be done via membership, relational and logical operators which will help us query our data and return a final dataset back that satisfies our conditions. In this section we will be looking at how these operators can help us with data manipulation.

1.12.1. Comparison operators

To compare values we need to use comparison operators, also known as, relational operators. Table 1.8 contains the different comparison operators together with an example.

Table 1.8 Comparison operators

Operator	Description	Example
<	less than	19 < 21 returns True
>	greater than	19 > 21 returns False
==	equal to	19 == 21 returns False
>=	greater or equal to	19 >= 21 returns False
<=	less or equal to	19 <= 21 returns True
!=	not equal to	19 != 21 returns True

1.12.2. Logical operators - and, or, not

There are three logical operators in Python: and, or and not. When the logical operators are processing boolean expressions they are also called boolean operators. Logical operators are used to combine comparison statements or expressions and are written in the following way:

\(<comparison\) \(statement\) \(1>\) \(<logical\) \(operator>\) \(<comparison\) \(statement\) \(2>\)

For example, if we want to check if a mark falls within the range of 0 to 100, we can use the following code:

#set variable mark to 71
mark = 71

#check if mark falls between the range of 0 and 100
mark > 0 and mark <= 100

True

In the code above, mark > 0 is the comparison statement 1, and is the boolean operator and mark <= 100 is the comparison statement 2. The tables below shows how comparison statements are processed by boolean operators.

Fig. 1.11 Evaluation of comparison statements with logical operators

In the tables above, A and B are the bool results of comparison statements 1 and 2 respectively. The and operator is the most stringent, in the sense that, it only evaluates to True if both comparison statements A and B are True. This would be useful when you have a case where you need both conditions to be satisfied, as in the code example above. For the or operator however, only one comparison statement needs to be True for or to evaluate to True.

exam_mark = 69
project_mark = 85

#check if student either got an exam mark that is more than 70 or project mark that is more than 70
exam_mark > 70 or project_mark > 70

True

In the example above, exam_mark > 70 will evaluate to False but project_mark > 70 will evaluate to True. Given that one of the comparison statements have is True than or returns True.

The not operator only evaluates one comparison statement, and it simply returns the opposite result. Comparing values is useful, but it gets more useful if we use comparison statements in control flow constructs.